Guide · Bank-owned (REO)

Bank-owned homes (REO): when nobody buys at the auction

REO stands for real estate owned. It is what a house becomes when nobody outbids the lender at the foreclosure auction, so the bank ends up owning it. If that was your home, a few things still matter.

A tidy suburban house in the evening light
A bank-owned home is a second chance for a buyer, and a deadline for an owner.

Your state decides the deadlines. See them calculated from your own dates: Arizona · Alabama · California · Colorado · Florida · Georgia · Illinois · Indiana · Maryland · Massachusetts · Minnesota · Michigan · Missouri · Wisconsin · New Jersey · Kentucky · New York · North Carolina · Ohio · Oregon · Oklahoma · Connecticut · Utah · Iowa · Nevada · Arkansas · Mississippi · Kansas · New Mexico · Nebraska · Idaho · West Virginia · Hawaii · New Hampshire · Maine · Montana · Rhode Island · Delaware · South Dakota · North Dakota · Alaska · Vermont · Wyoming · District of Columbia · Pennsylvania · South Carolina · Tennessee · Louisiana · Texas · Virginia · Washington · all states

If you still live there

The bank now owns the house but it still has to follow your state's process to remove anyone living there, which usually means written notice and a court case. Generally only a sheriff or court officer can carry out a removal.

Banks often offer cash for keys: money to leave by a set date and leave the house clean. Get any offer in writing with the amount, the move out date and when you will be paid.

If you rent the house

A bona fide tenant can generally stay at least 90 days after written notice, and usually through the end of a genuine lease, under the federal Protecting Tenants at Foreclosure Act. Keep paying rent, and ask the bank in writing where to send it.

Money: surplus and shortfall

When the lender takes the house with its own bid, there is usually no surplus. Whether the bank can still come after you for the difference between the debt and the house value depends on your state. Some states bar it on a home, some cap it at fair market value, and some allow it with a deadline to sue.

Buying a bank-owned home

Lenders sell REO homes through real estate agents, often as is. Homes owned by HUD after an FHA foreclosure are listed on the HUD Home Store. Insured properties have an exclusive bidding period, 30 days under HUD's 2022 policy, for owner-occupants, governments and approved nonprofits before investors can bid. Check the listing for the deadline.

Common questions

What does REO mean?

Real estate owned. It is a home a lender owns after a foreclosure auction where nobody outbid the lender.

Can the bank change the locks right after it takes the house?

Not while someone lawfully lives there. It has to use the state possession process, which includes notice and usually a court order.

Can I still owe money after my house becomes REO?

It depends on your state. Check the deficiency rules on your state page.

You do not have to figure this out alone: a HUD-approved housing counselor is free on 1-800-569-4287. This page is general information, not legal advice.

Last verified: October 18, 2026. Every deadline and citation on this page was checked against the statute or rule it cites. Laws change during the year, so if something here looks out of date or wrong, tell us and we will check it against the law.

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